Streszczenie
\n<\/strong>Historia pomiar\u00f3w temperatury powietrza zwi\u0105zana jest z zainteresowaniem cz\u0142owieka warunkami termicznymi, a w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci z wyst\u0119powaniem skrajnych warunk\u00f3w termicznych, kt\u00f3re stanowi\u0142y zagro\u017cenie dla ludzkiej egzystencji. Jest to zagadnienie wa\u017cne z punktu widzenia zmienno\u015bci klimatu, poniewa\u017c dzi\u0119ki d\u0142ugoletnim seriom pomiarowym mo\u017cemy por\u00f3wna\u0107 okres wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnego ocieplenia z innymi wyst\u0119puj\u0105cymi okresami ciep\u0142a lub zimna w Europie. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie najwcze\u015bniejszych pomiar\u00f3w temperatury powietrza w Europie oraz om\u00f3wienie problem\u00f3w zwi\u0105zanych z tymi pomiarami. Prekursorem w rozwoju pomiar\u00f3w temperatury powietrza by\u0142y W\u0142ochy, gdzie utworzono pierwsz\u0105 na \u015bwiecie sie\u0107 stacji meteorologicznych w 1654 r., dzia\u0142aj\u0105c\u0105 do 1667 roku. W 1781 roku powsta\u0142a Mannheimska (Palaty\u0144ska) sie\u0107 meteorologiczna zorganizowana przez Palaty\u0144skie Towarzystwo Meteorologiczne z Mannheim w Niemczech, gdzie dokonano ujednolicenia pomiar\u00f3w na niekt\u00f3rych stacjach. Sie\u0107 dzia\u0142a\u0142a tylko do 1792 roku. Od pocz\u0105tku XVIII wieku rozpocz\u0119to pomiary na wielu europejskich stacjach, jednak by\u0142y niepor\u00f3wnywalne, poniewa\u017c nie by\u0142y wykonywane w spos\u00f3b ci\u0105g\u0142y. Dopiero w XXI wieku podj\u0119to si\u0119 pr\u00f3by rekonstrukcji pomiar\u00f3w temperatury powietrza na wi\u0119kszo\u015bci europejskich stacji. Dzi\u0119ki d\u0142ugoletnim seriom temperatury powietrza mo\u017cliwe jest poznanie przesz\u0142ych warunk\u00f3w klimatycznych i por\u00f3wnanie ich z obecnymi warunkami. Ponadto stanowi\u0105 cenny dow\u00f3d potwierdzaj\u0105cy wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne ocieplenie, a tak\u017ce maj\u0105 istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia oceny wielko\u015bci wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych zmian klimatu.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> temperatura powietrza, rekonstrukcja, pierwsze pomiary, systematyczne pomiary, Europa <\/span><\/p>\n

Abstract
\n<\/strong>The history of air temperature measurements is related to the curiosity of a man with thermal conditions, and in particular with the occurrence of extreme thermal conditions, which posed a threat to human existence. This is an issue important from the point of view of climate change, and especially of contemporary climate warming, because thanks to long-term measurement series we can just compare the period of modern warming with other occurring periods of heat or cold in Europe. The aim of the work is to present the earliest measurements of air temperature in Europe and to discuss problems related to these measurements. The precursor in the development of air temperature measurements was Italy, where the measurements were started, as well as the first in the world network of meteorological stations in 1654. The network included 11 stations in Europe, including one in Poland in Warsaw. The network operated until 1667, and the measurements were not kept. At the same time, exactly in 1659, measurements were started in central England (London, Oxford), which have survived to this day and it is the longest surviving series of measuring air temperature in Europe compiled by Manley for central England from 1659. From the beginning of the 18th century, measurements were started at many European stations. Initially, these were the first short-term measurements, but over time they became systematic measurements that have survived to this day. In most cases these series were not homogeneous, therefore they were reconstructed. It is assumed that the most unified series of air temperatures in Europe is the Praga-Klementinium series from 1775 and Krakow \u2013 the Botanical Garden from 1826, where the measurements were uninterrupted in one place. In 1781, Mannheim\u2019s (Palatinian) meteorological network was set up by the Palatine Meteorological Society from Mannheim, Germany, under the direction of J. Hammer, where measurements were made at some stations. The network operated only until 1792. Thanks to the long series of air temperatures, it is possible to know the past climatic conditions and compare them with the current conditions.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Keywords<\/strong>: air temperature, reconstruction, first measurements, systematic measurements, Europe <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HISTORIA POMIAR\u00d3W TEMPERATURY POWIETRZA W EUROPIE DO KO\u0143CA XVIII WIEKU HISTORY OF AIR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN EUROPE TO THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY Magdalena Skrzy\u0144ska Przegl\u0105d Geofizyczny (2020) vol. 65, iss. 1-2, pp. 3-22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32045\/PG-2020-001 Tekst \/ Artyku\u0142 Streszczenie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1797","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1797","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1797"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1836,"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1797\/revisions\/1836"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ptgeof.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}